序文
ISO (国際標準化機構) 国家標準化団体の世界的な同盟です (ISO会員団体). 国際規格の開発は通常、ISO 技術委員会を通じて行われます。. 技術委員会が設立された主題に関心を持つ各加盟機関は、その委員会に代表される権利を有する。. ISO と連携する国際政府および非政府組織もこの作業に関与しています。. ISO は国際電気標準会議と緊密に連携しています。 (IEC) 電気技術の標準化に関するあらゆる事項について.

国際規格は、第 1 部に記載されている規則に従って草案されます。 2 ISO/IEC 指令の.

技術委員会の主な任務は国際標準を設定することです. 技術委員会によって採択された国際規格草案は、投票のために加盟団体に配布されます。. 国際標準として発行するには、少なくとも承認が必要です 75% 会員団体の.

本書の内容によっては特許権の対象となる場合がありますのでご注意ください。. ISO は、そのような特許の一部またはすべてを特定する責任を負いません。.

ISO 21227-1 ISO/TC 技術委員会によって開発されました 35, 塗料とワニス, 分科会SC 9, 塗料およびワニスの一般的な試験方法.

ISO 21227-1-2003 塗料とワニス, 光学イメージングを使用したコーティング表面の欠陥の評価 – 一部 1: 一般的なガイダンス

ISO 21227 consists of the following parts under the general heading Paints and Varnishes – Assessment of Defects on coated Surfaces Using optical Imaging:

— 一部 1: 一般的なガイダンス

— 一部 2: Evaluation procedure for multiple impact lithotriptic test results

— 一部 3: Assessment procedures for delamination and corrosion around lines

At the time this part of ISO 21227 was published, 部品 2 そして 3 were being prepared.

導入
Traditional ISO testing methods used to assess surface defects and appearance changes typically use graphic standards that depict specific types of surface deterioration and require human visual evaluation. Compared with human visual assessment techniques, the techniques described in the various sections of this standard can produce more objective, 正確な, quantitative and repeatable results.

ISO 21227-1-2003 塗料とワニス, 光学イメージングを使用したコーティング表面の欠陥の評価 – 一部 1: 一般的なガイダンス

1 範囲
ISO のこの部分 21227 defines and provides guidance for the use of optical imaging systems to quantitatively characterize defects that occur on the surface of coatings after exposure in various test methods (例えば. lithotripsy, weathering or crosscutting tests). One goal of ISO 21227 is to use optical imaging to reproduce the results of existing visual evaluation methods. 加えて, optical imaging provides more information that can be used to assess coating defects in more detail.

ISO のこの部分 21227 contains a general introduction to optical imaging methods and definitions. The performance and accuracy requirements of individual test methods are described in other sections of the standard.

2 規範的参照
この文書を使用するには以下の参照が必要です. 日付の付いた参照については, 引用のみのバージョンが適用されます. 日付のない参考文献については, リファレンスの新しいバージョン (改訂も含めて) 当てはまる.

CIE出版物番号. 17.4:1987, International Vocabulary for Lighting /IEC 60050-845:1987, International Vocabulary for Electricians – 点灯

3 用語と定義
この文書の目的のために, 次の用語と定義が適用されます.

3.1 Optical Imaging

A method of acquiring, digitizing, 処理, and analyzing images using optical elements and computer systems

3.2 点灯

Apply light to a scene, object, or its surroundings so that they can be seen

[ソース: CIE 17.4:1987 /IEC 60050-845:1987]

3.2.1 Reflection Lighting

Light source and optical sensor are arranged on the same side of the object lighting

3.2.2 Transmission Lighting

Light sources and optical sensors arranged on opposite sides of an object for illumination

3.2.3 Open field lighting

An image acquisition method for detecting light reflected by an object and light scattered by an object by an optical sensor

3.2.4 Dark field lighting

An image acquisition method in which an optical sensor detects only the light scattered by an object

3.2.5 Directional Lighting

Illumination in which light on a working plane or object is primarily incident from a particular direction

[ソース: CIE 17.4:1987 /IEC 60050-845:1987]

3.2.6 Diffuse Lighting

Light on a working surface or object does not come primarily from illumination in a particular direction

[ソース: CIE 17.4:1987 /IEC 60050-845:1987]

3.3 Terms related to optical sensors

3.3.1 Visual Field

The area on the surface of an object picked up by an optical sensor

3.3.2 Region of Interest

The part of the original image used for image processing and image analysis

3.3.3 目的

An optical system, usually consisting of one or more lenses, used to acquire a visual field image

ISO 21227-1-2003 塗料とワニス, 光学イメージングを使用したコーティング表面の欠陥の評価 – 一部 1: 一般的なガイダンス

3.3.4 Object distance

The distance between the first lens of the objective lens and the object provides a clear image

3.3.5 Focal depth

The difference between minimum and maximum object distances

3.4 Image Acquisition

Image capture

The process of creating a two-dimensional raw image of an object

3.4.1 Original image

The digital image taken by the image acquisition system does not require any image processing

3.4.2 Charge-coupled device CCD

A device that uses semiconductor materials as optical sensors

注記 1: CCD chips are subdivided into very fine components, each corresponding to a pixel of the digitized image. CCDS can be arranged in arrays (digital cameras) or rows (line scanners).

3.4.3 Scanner

An image acquisition device using a one-dimensional optical sensor in which CCDS are arranged in a row

注記 1: The image is built by line scanning the surface of the object.

3.4.4 Digitization

The process of converting an analog image to a digital image

注記 1: The image is divided into pixels by a grid, and each pixel is assigned a grayscale level.

3.4.5 pixels

The minimum image forming element to which grayscale is assigned

3.4.6 解決

The number of pixels per unit length on an object surface

注記 1: If the resolution in the X and Y directions is different, the two values need to be reported.

3.4.7 Gray level

The shade of gray assigned to the pixel

注記 1: The shadow is usually a positive integer value taken from the gray level.

3.4.8 Gray scale

A series of grays between white and black

例: The 8-bit gray scale has 28 (= 256) grays. Grey level 0 corresponds to black and grey level 255 (256th) corresponds to white.

3.4.9 Gamma C

The function Y is equal to X, the exponent gamma

X is the input signal;
Y is the output signal;
X and Y range from 0 に 1 (0 for black, 1 for white)
3.4.10 Image Acquisition Card

A device used to convert an analog video signal into a digital raw image

3.5 Image Processing

The software manipulates the original image to prepare it for subsequent image analysis

注記 1: 例えば, image processing may be used to eliminate errors generated during image acquisition or to reduce image information to the desired extent.

3.5.1 Binary Image

An image in which each pixel is 0 (black) または 1 (white)

3.5.2 Gamma correction

The modification of gamma value can be carried out by software or hardware

3.5.3 Brightness

The average gray of a specified portion of the image

3.5.4 Contrast

The difference between the grayscale of two specified parts of an image

ISO 21227-1-2003 塗料とワニス, 光学イメージングを使用したコーティング表面の欠陥の評価 – 一部 1: 一般的なガイダンス

3.5.5 Shadow correction

Software method for correcting object illumination inhomogeneity

3.5.6 Thresholding

To reduce the number of different gray levels of the image, it is recommended to obtain a binary image

注記 1: To generate a binary image, each pixel in a grayscale image is assigned a grayscale level of 0 または 1, depending on whether the pixel’s grayscale is greater than, 未満, or equal to a given constant (the threshold).

3.5.7 Partition

Edge detection

A method for isolating and locating optical edges in a given digital image

3.6 Image Analysis

Reduces image information to a set of application-specific values

3.6.1 Reference Panel

A specified panel that has been evaluated and therefore has a known rating

注記 1: It is used to check the reproducibility and repeatability of parameter Settings.

3.7 Image Evaluation

The process of associating a set of values resulting from image analysis with one or more characteristic values through a classification or rating scheme