مقدمة
ايزو (المنظمة الدولية للمقاييس) هو تحالف عالمي لهيئات المعايير الوطنية (الهيئات الأعضاء في منظمة الأيزو). عادة ما يتم تطوير المعايير الدولية من خلال اللجان الفنية ISO. يحق لكل مؤسسة عضو مهتمة بموضوع تم تشكيل لجنة فنية له أن تكون ممثلة في تلك اللجنة. وتشارك أيضًا في هذا العمل المنظمات الحكومية الدولية وغير الحكومية المتعاونة مع ISO. تعمل ISO بشكل وثيق مع اللجنة الكهروتقنية الدولية (اللجنة الانتخابية المستقلة) في جميع المسائل المتعلقة بالتوحيد القياسي الكهروتقني.

تتم صياغة المعايير الدولية وفقًا للقواعد الواردة في الجزء 2 لتوجيهات ISO/IEC.

The main task of the technical committee is to set international standards. وسيتم توزيع مشروع المعايير الدولية الذي اعتمدته اللجنة الفنية على الهيئات الأعضاء للتصويت عليه. النشر كمعيار دولي يتطلب موافقة على الأقل 75% of member bodies.

يرجى ملاحظة أن بعض محتويات هذه الوثيقة قد تكون خاضعة لحقوق براءات الاختراع. ISO ليست مسؤولة عن تحديد أي أو كل براءات الاختراع هذه.

ايزو 21227-1 تم تطويره من قبل اللجنة الفنية ISO/TC 35, الدهانات والورنيشات, اللجنة الفرعية SC 9, Common Test Methods for Paints and varnishes.

ايزو 21227-1-2003 الدهانات والورنيشات, تقييم العيوب على الأسطح المطلية باستخدام التصوير البصري – جزء 1: التوجيه العام

ايزو 21227 consists of the following parts under the general heading Paints and Varnishes – Assessment of Defects on coated Surfaces Using optical Imaging:

— جزء 1: التوجيه العام

— جزء 2: Evaluation procedure for multiple impact lithotriptic test results

— جزء 3: Assessment procedures for delamination and corrosion around lines

At the time this part of ISO 21227 was published, Parts 2 و 3 were being prepared.

يقدم
Traditional ISO testing methods used to assess surface defects and appearance changes typically use graphic standards that depict specific types of surface deterioration and require human visual evaluation. Compared with human visual assessment techniques, the techniques described in the various sections of this standard can produce more objective, دقيق, quantitative and repeatable results.

ايزو 21227-1-2003 الدهانات والورنيشات, تقييم العيوب على الأسطح المطلية باستخدام التصوير البصري – جزء 1: التوجيه العام

1 يتراوح
هذا الجزء من ISO 21227 defines and provides guidance for the use of optical imaging systems to quantitatively characterize defects that occur on the surface of coatings after exposure in various test methods (على سبيل المثال. lithotripsy, weathering or crosscutting tests). One goal of ISO 21227 is to use optical imaging to reproduce the results of existing visual evaluation methods. فضلاً عن ذلك, optical imaging provides more information that can be used to assess coating defects in more detail.

هذا الجزء من ISO 21227 contains a general introduction to optical imaging methods and definitions. The performance and accuracy requirements of individual test methods are described in other sections of the standard.

2 المراجع المعيارية
The following references are required for the use of this document. للمراجع المؤرخة, تنطبق إصدارات الاقتباس فقط. للمراجع غير المؤرخة, النسخة الجديدة من المرجع (بما في ذلك أي مراجعات) ينطبق.

CIE publication No. 17.4:1987, International Vocabulary for Lighting /IEC 60050-845:1987, International Vocabulary for Electricians – إضاءة

3 المصطلحات والتعاريف
لأغراض هذه الوثيقة, تنطبق المصطلحات والتعاريف التالية.

3.1 Optical Imaging

A method of acquiring, digitizing, يعالج, and analyzing images using optical elements and computer systems

3.2 إضاءة

Apply light to a scene, object, or its surroundings so that they can be seen

[مصدر: CIE 17.4:1987 /اللجنة الانتخابية المستقلة 60050-845:1987]

3.2.1 Reflection Lighting

Light source and optical sensor are arranged on the same side of the object lighting

3.2.2 Transmission Lighting

Light sources and optical sensors arranged on opposite sides of an object for illumination

3.2.3 Open field lighting

An image acquisition method for detecting light reflected by an object and light scattered by an object by an optical sensor

3.2.4 Dark field lighting

An image acquisition method in which an optical sensor detects only the light scattered by an object

3.2.5 Directional Lighting

Illumination in which light on a working plane or object is primarily incident from a particular direction

[مصدر: CIE 17.4:1987 /اللجنة الانتخابية المستقلة 60050-845:1987]

3.2.6 Diffuse Lighting

Light on a working surface or object does not come primarily from illumination in a particular direction

[مصدر: CIE 17.4:1987 /اللجنة الانتخابية المستقلة 60050-845:1987]

3.3 Terms related to optical sensors

3.3.1 Visual Field

The area on the surface of an object picked up by an optical sensor

3.3.2 Region of Interest

The part of the original image used for image processing and image analysis

3.3.3 غاية

An optical system, usually consisting of one or more lenses, used to acquire a visual field image

ايزو 21227-1-2003 الدهانات والورنيشات, تقييم العيوب على الأسطح المطلية باستخدام التصوير البصري – جزء 1: التوجيه العام

3.3.4 Object distance

The distance between the first lens of the objective lens and the object provides a clear image

3.3.5 Focal depth

The difference between minimum and maximum object distances

3.4 Image Acquisition

Image capture

The process of creating a two-dimensional raw image of an object

3.4.1 Original image

The digital image taken by the image acquisition system does not require any image processing

3.4.2 Charge-coupled device CCD

A device that uses semiconductor materials as optical sensors

ملحوظة 1: CCD chips are subdivided into very fine components, each corresponding to a pixel of the digitized image. CCDS can be arranged in arrays (digital cameras) or rows (line scanners).

3.4.3 Scanner

An image acquisition device using a one-dimensional optical sensor in which CCDS are arranged in a row

ملحوظة 1: The image is built by line scanning the surface of the object.

3.4.4 Digitization

The process of converting an analog image to a digital image

ملحوظة 1: The image is divided into pixels by a grid, and each pixel is assigned a grayscale level.

3.4.5 بكسل

The minimum image forming element to which grayscale is assigned

3.4.6 دقة

The number of pixels per unit length on an object surface

ملحوظة 1: If the resolution in the X and Y directions is different, the two values need to be reported.

3.4.7 Gray level

The shade of gray assigned to the pixel

ملحوظة 1: The shadow is usually a positive integer value taken from the gray level.

3.4.8 Gray scale

A series of grays between white and black

مثال: The 8-bit gray scale has 28 (= 256) grays. Grey level 0 corresponds to black and grey level 255 (256ذ) corresponds to white.

3.4.9 Gamma C

The function Y is equal to X, the exponent gamma

X is the input signal;
Y is the output signal;
X and Y range from 0 ل 1 (0 for black, 1 for white)
3.4.10 Image Acquisition Card

A device used to convert an analog video signal into a digital raw image

3.5 Image Processing

The software manipulates the original image to prepare it for subsequent image analysis

ملحوظة 1: على سبيل المثال, image processing may be used to eliminate errors generated during image acquisition or to reduce image information to the desired extent.

3.5.1 Binary Image

An image in which each pixel is 0 (black) أو 1 (أبيض)

3.5.2 Gamma correction

The modification of gamma value can be carried out by software or hardware

3.5.3 سطوع

The average gray of a specified portion of the image

3.5.4 Contrast

The difference between the grayscale of two specified parts of an image

ايزو 21227-1-2003 الدهانات والورنيشات, تقييم العيوب على الأسطح المطلية باستخدام التصوير البصري – جزء 1: التوجيه العام

3.5.5 Shadow correction

Software method for correcting object illumination inhomogeneity

3.5.6 Thresholding

To reduce the number of different gray levels of the image, it is recommended to obtain a binary image

ملحوظة 1: To generate a binary image, each pixel in a grayscale image is assigned a grayscale level of 0 أو 1, depending on whether the pixel’s grayscale is greater than, less than, or equal to a given constant (the threshold).

3.5.7 Partition

Edge detection

A method for isolating and locating optical edges in a given digital image

3.6 Image Analysis

Reduces image information to a set of application-specific values

3.6.1 Reference Panel

A specified panel that has been evaluated and therefore has a known rating

ملحوظة 1: It is used to check the reproducibility and repeatability of parameter Settings.

3.7 Image Evaluation

The process of associating a set of values resulting from image analysis with one or more characteristic values through a classification or rating scheme