A Preface
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is a global alliance of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The development of international standards is usually carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member institution interested in a subject on which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented in the committee. Government and non-governmental international organizations that liaize with standardization organizations are also involved in this work. ISO works closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrical standardization.

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ISO 15181-1 was developed by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35, Paints and varnishes, Subcommittee SC 9, General test methods for paints and varnishes.

ISO 15181-1-2007 “Determination of the release rate of biotoxins in paints and varnishes antifouling paints – Part 1: General method for extraction of biotoxins”

The second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 15181-1:2000), which is technically revised, in particular by extending the use of common extraction methods to later parts of ISO 15181.

ISO 15181 consists of the following parts, under the general title Paints and varnishes – Determination of fungicide release rates in antifouling coatings:

— Part 1: General method of extracting fungicides

— Part 2: Determination of the concentration of copper ions in extracts and calculation of the release rate

— Part 3: Calculation of the rate of zinc ethylene-bis (dithiocarbamate) (zineb) release by measuring the concentration of ethourea in the extract

— Part 4: Determination of concentration of pyridine-triphenylborane (PTPB) in extracts and calculation of release rate

— Part 5: Calculating the release rates of toluenflurane and dichlorofluoraniline by determining the concentrations of dimethyltoluenesulfonamide (DMST) and dimethyltoluenesulfonamide (DMSA) in the extracts

ISO 15181-1-2007 “Determination of the release rate of biotoxins in paints and varnishes antifouling paints – Part 1: General method for extraction of biotoxins”

Introduction
By using standard conditions for temperature, salinity and pH at low fungicide concentrations in ambient artificial seawater, reproducible values for release rates under specified laboratory conditions can be determined using the method given in this part of ISO 15181, which can be used for quality assurance and material selection purposes. However, the actual rate of release of fungicides from hull antifouling paints into the environment will depend on many factors, such as vessel operating schedules, years of service, berthing conditions, paint condition, as well as temperature, salinity, pH, pollutants and biota in a particular area.

The results of this test do not reflect the environmental fungicide release rate of antifouling products and are not suitable for direct use in the process of generating environmental risk assessments, generating environmental load estimates, or establishing release rate limits for regulatory purposes. When compared with copper and organotin release rates obtained by direct or indirect measurements of hull copper release rates and measurements on panels exposed in ports, all available data indicate that the results obtained using this general test method substantially overestimate the release rate of fungicides under service conditions. Published results show that for several commercial antifouling coatings, the results of this test method are generally about 10 times or more higher than direct in situ measurements of in-service hull copper and organotin release rates [1,2]. Similar relationships are expected to be found for other fungicides. A realistic estimate of the rate of hull fungicide release under service conditions can only be obtained from this test method if this difference is taken into account.

ISO 15181-1-2007 “Determination of the release rate of biotoxins in paints and varnishes antifouling paints – Part 1: General method for extraction of biotoxins”

If the results of this testing method are used to generate environmental risk assessments, to produce environmental load estimates, or for regulatory purposes, it is highly recommended to consider the relationship between laboratory release rates and actual environmental inputs in order to more accurately estimate the fungicides release rates of antifouling coatings under real conditions. This can be achieved by applying appropriate correction coefficients [2].

1 Scope
This part of ISO 15181 specifies a general method for the extraction of biocides from antifouling paint films into artificial seawater under specified laboratory conditions. It is used in conjunction with other parts of ISO 15181 to determine the amount of specific fungicides in extracts, for example copper and/or certain organic fungicides, and to be able to calculate the rate of release of these fungicides from paint films under specified laboratory conditions.

2 Normative references
The following references are required for the application of this document. For dated references, only the cited version applies. For undated references, the new version of the reference (including any revisions) applies.

ISO 1513, Paints and varnishes – Examination and preparation of test samples

ISO 2808, Paints and varnishes — Determination of film thickness

ISO 3696, analytical laboratory water use – specifications and test methods

ISO 15181-2, paints and varnishes — Determination of release rates of fungicides in antifouling coatings — Part 2: Determination of concentrations of copper ions in extracts and calculation of release rates

ISO 15181-3, Paints and varnishes-Determination of fungicide release rates in antifouling coatings — Part 3: Calculation of zinc ethylene-bis (dithiocarbamate) (zineb) release rates by determining the concentration of ethylene thiourea in extracts

ISO 15181-1-2007 “Determination of the release rate of biotoxins in paints and varnishes antifouling paints – Part 1: General method for extraction of biotoxins”

ISO 15181-4, Paints and varnishes-Determination of release rates of fungicides in antifouling coatings – Part 4: Determination of concentration of pyridine-triphenyl borane (PTPB) in extracts and calculation of release rates

ISO 15181-5, Paints and varnishes-Determination of fungicide release rates in antifouling coatings — Part 5: Calculation of release rates of toluenflurane and dichlorofluoraniline by determining the concentrations of dimethyltoluenesulfonamide (DMST) and dimethyltoluenesulfonamide (DMSA) in extracts

ISO 15528, Paints, varnishes and raw materials for paints and varnishes – Sampling

ASTM D 1141-98 (2003), Standard Practice for Preparing substitute seawater

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