머리말
ISO (국제 표준화기구) 국가 표준 기관의 글로벌 연합입니다. (ISO 회원국). 국제 표준 개발은 일반적으로 ISO 기술 위원회를 통해 수행됩니다.. 기술위원회가 설립된 주제에 관심이 있는 각 회원 기관은 해당 위원회에 대표될 권리가 있습니다.. ISO와 연락을 취하는 국제 정부 및 비정부 조직도 ​​이 작업에 참여합니다.. ISO는 국제전기기술위원회(International Electrotechnical Commission)와 긴밀히 협력하고 있습니다. (IEC) 전기기술 표준화에 관한 모든 문제에 대해.

국제 표준은 Part에 주어진 규칙에 따라 작성됩니다. 2 ISO/IEC 지침의.

기술위원회의 주요 임무는 국제 표준을 설정하는 것입니다.. 기술위원회가 채택한 국제 표준 초안은 투표를 위해 회원국에 배포됩니다.. 국제 표준으로 출판하려면 최소한 승인이 필요합니다. 75% 회원 기관의.

이 문서의 특정 내용에는 특허권이 적용될 수 있습니다.. ISO는 그러한 특허의 일부 또는 전부를 식별할 책임이 없습니다..

ISO 21227-1 기술위원회 ISO/TC에 의해 개발되었습니다. 35, 페인트 및 바니시, 소위원회 SC 9, 페인트 및 바니시에 대한 일반적인 테스트 방법.

ISO 21227-1-2003 페인트 및 바니시, 광학 이미징을 이용한 코팅 표면의 결함 평가 – 부분 1: 일반 지침

ISO 21227 consists of the following parts under the general heading Paints and Varnishes – Assessment of Defects on coated Surfaces Using optical Imaging:

— 부분 1: 일반 지침

— 부분 2: Evaluation procedure for multiple impact lithotriptic test results

— 부분 3: Assessment procedures for delamination and corrosion around lines

At the time this part of ISO 21227 was published, 부속 2 그리고 3 were being prepared.

소개하다
Traditional ISO testing methods used to assess surface defects and appearance changes typically use graphic standards that depict specific types of surface deterioration and require human visual evaluation. Compared with human visual assessment techniques, the techniques described in the various sections of this standard can produce more objective, 정확한, quantitative and repeatable results.

ISO 21227-1-2003 페인트 및 바니시, 광학 이미징을 이용한 코팅 표면의 결함 평가 – 부분 1: 일반 지침

1 범위
ISO의 이 부분 21227 defines and provides guidance for the use of optical imaging systems to quantitatively characterize defects that occur on the surface of coatings after exposure in various test methods (예를 들어. lithotripsy, weathering or crosscutting tests). One goal of ISO 21227 is to use optical imaging to reproduce the results of existing visual evaluation methods. 게다가, optical imaging provides more information that can be used to assess coating defects in more detail.

ISO의 이 부분 21227 contains a general introduction to optical imaging methods and definitions. The performance and accuracy requirements of individual test methods are described in other sections of the standard.

2 규범적 참고자료
The following references are required for the use of this document. 날짜가 있는 참고자료의 경우, 인용 전용 버전 적용. 날짜가 없는 참고자료의 경우, 참조의 새 버전 (모든 개정 내용 포함) 적용됩니다.

CIE publication No. 17.4:1987, International Vocabulary for Lighting /IEC 60050-845:1987, International Vocabulary for Electricians – 조명

3 용어 및 정의
이 문서의 목적을 위해, 다음 용어와 정의가 적용됩니다.

3.1 Optical Imaging

A method of acquiring, digitizing, 처리, and analyzing images using optical elements and computer systems

3.2 조명

Apply light to a scene, 물체, or its surroundings so that they can be seen

[원천: CIE 17.4:1987 /IEC 60050-845:1987]

3.2.1 Reflection Lighting

Light source and optical sensor are arranged on the same side of the object lighting

3.2.2 Transmission Lighting

Light sources and optical sensors arranged on opposite sides of an object for illumination

3.2.3 Open field lighting

An image acquisition method for detecting light reflected by an object and light scattered by an object by an optical sensor

3.2.4 Dark field lighting

An image acquisition method in which an optical sensor detects only the light scattered by an object

3.2.5 Directional Lighting

Illumination in which light on a working plane or object is primarily incident from a particular direction

[원천: CIE 17.4:1987 /IEC 60050-845:1987]

3.2.6 Diffuse Lighting

Light on a working surface or object does not come primarily from illumination in a particular direction

[원천: CIE 17.4:1987 /IEC 60050-845:1987]

3.3 Terms related to optical sensors

3.3.1 Visual Field

The area on the surface of an object picked up by an optical sensor

3.3.2 Region of Interest

The part of the original image used for image processing and image analysis

3.3.3 목적

An optical system, usually consisting of one or more lenses, used to acquire a visual field image

ISO 21227-1-2003 페인트 및 바니시, 광학 이미징을 이용한 코팅 표면의 결함 평가 – 부분 1: 일반 지침

3.3.4 Object distance

The distance between the first lens of the objective lens and the object provides a clear image

3.3.5 Focal depth

The difference between minimum and maximum object distances

3.4 Image Acquisition

Image capture

The process of creating a two-dimensional raw image of an object

3.4.1 Original image

The digital image taken by the image acquisition system does not require any image processing

3.4.2 Charge-coupled device CCD

A device that uses semiconductor materials as optical sensors

메모 1: CCD chips are subdivided into very fine components, each corresponding to a pixel of the digitized image. CCDS can be arranged in arrays (digital cameras) or rows (line scanners).

3.4.3 Scanner

An image acquisition device using a one-dimensional optical sensor in which CCDS are arranged in a row

메모 1: The image is built by line scanning the surface of the object.

3.4.4 Digitization

The process of converting an analog image to a digital image

메모 1: The image is divided into pixels by a grid, and each pixel is assigned a grayscale level.

3.4.5 픽셀

The minimum image forming element to which grayscale is assigned

3.4.6 해결

The number of pixels per unit length on an object surface

메모 1: If the resolution in the X and Y directions is different, the two values need to be reported.

3.4.7 Gray level

The shade of gray assigned to the pixel

메모 1: The shadow is usually a positive integer value taken from the gray level.

3.4.8 Gray scale

A series of grays between white and black

예: The 8-bit gray scale has 28 (= 256) grays. Grey level 0 corresponds to black and grey level 255 (256일) corresponds to white.

3.4.9 Gamma C

The function Y is equal to X, the exponent gamma

X is the input signal;
Y is the output signal;
X and Y range from 0 에게 1 (0 for black, 1 for white)
3.4.10 Image Acquisition Card

A device used to convert an analog video signal into a digital raw image

3.5 Image Processing

The software manipulates the original image to prepare it for subsequent image analysis

메모 1: 예를 들어, image processing may be used to eliminate errors generated during image acquisition or to reduce image information to the desired extent.

3.5.1 Binary Image

An image in which each pixel is 0 (black) 또는 1 (white)

3.5.2 Gamma correction

The modification of gamma value can be carried out by software or hardware

3.5.3 Brightness

The average gray of a specified portion of the image

3.5.4 Contrast

The difference between the grayscale of two specified parts of an image

ISO 21227-1-2003 페인트 및 바니시, 광학 이미징을 이용한 코팅 표면의 결함 평가 – 부분 1: 일반 지침

3.5.5 Shadow correction

Software method for correcting object illumination inhomogeneity

3.5.6 Thresholding

To reduce the number of different gray levels of the image, it is recommended to obtain a binary image

메모 1: To generate a binary image, each pixel in a grayscale image is assigned a grayscale level of 0 또는 1, depending on whether the pixel’s grayscale is greater than, 미만, or equal to a given constant (the threshold).

3.5.7 Partition

Edge detection

A method for isolating and locating optical edges in a given digital image

3.6 Image Analysis

Reduces image information to a set of application-specific values

3.6.1 Reference Panel

A specified panel that has been evaluated and therefore has a known rating

메모 1: It is used to check the reproducibility and repeatability of parameter Settings.

3.7 Image Evaluation

The process of associating a set of values resulting from image analysis with one or more characteristic values through a classification or rating scheme