A Preface
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ISO 15181-2 was developed by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35, Paints and varnishes, Subcommittee SC 9, General test methods for paints and varnishes.

ISO 15181-2-2007 – Determination of the release rate of biotoxins in paints and varnishes – Part 2: Determination of the concentration of copper ions in extracts and calculation of the release rate

The second edition eliminates and replaces the technically revised first edition (ISO 15181-2:2000).

ISO 15181 consists of the following parts, under the general title Paints and varnishes – Determination of fungicide release rates in antifouling coatings:

— Part 1: General method of extracting fungicides

— Part 2: Determination of the concentration of copper ions in extracts and calculation of the release rate

— Part 3: Calculation of the rate of zinc ethylene-bis (dithiocarbamate) (zineb) release by measuring the concentration of ethourea in the extract

— Part 4: Determination of concentration of pyridine-triphenylborane (PTPB) in extracts and calculation of release rate

— Part 5: Calculating the release rates of toluenflurane and dichlorofluoraniline by determining the concentrations of dimethyltoluenesulfonamide (DMST) and dimethyltoluenesulfonamide (DMSA) in the extracts

ISO 15181-2-2007 – Determination of the release rate of biotoxins in paints and varnishes – Part 2: Determination of the concentration of copper ions in extracts and calculation of the release rate

Introduction
By using standard conditions for temperature, salinity and pH at low fungicide concentrations in ambient artificial seawater, reproducible values for release rates under specified laboratory conditions can be determined using the method given in this part of ISO 15181, which can be used for quality assurance and material selection purposes. However, the actual rate of release of fungicides from hull antifouling paints into the environment will depend on many factors, such as vessel operating schedules, years of service, berthing conditions, paint condition, as well as temperature, salinity, pH, pollutants and biota in a particular area.

The results of this test do not reflect the environmental fungicide release rate of antifouling products and are not suitable for direct use in the process of generating environmental risk assessments, generating environmental load estimates, or establishing release rate limits for regulatory purposes. When compared with copper and organotin release rates obtained by direct or indirect measurements of hull copper release rates and measurements on panels exposed in ports, all available data indicate that the results obtained using this general test method substantially overestimate the release rate of fungicides under service conditions. Published results show that for several commercial antifouling coatings, the results of this test method are generally about 10 times or more higher than direct in situ measurements of in-service hull copper and organotin release rates [1,2]. Similar relationships are expected to be found for other fungicides. A realistic estimate of the rate of hull fungicide release under service conditions can only be obtained from this test method if this difference is taken into account.

If the results of this testing method are used to generate environmental risk assessments, to produce environmental load estimates, or for regulatory purposes, it is highly recommended to consider the relationship between laboratory release rates and actual environmental inputs in order to more accurately estimate the fungicides release rates of antifouling coatings under real conditions. This can be achieved by applying appropriate correction coefficients [2].

ISO 15181-2-2007 – Determination of the release rate of biotoxins in paints and varnishes – Part 2: Determination of the concentration of copper ions in extracts and calculation of the release rate

1 Scope
This part of ISO 15181 specifies the apparatus and analytical methods for determining the bactericidal dose of copper (base) released from antifouling paints into artificial seawater according to the procedures given in ISO 15181-1.

It determines the copper ion concentration and gives a final calculation of the copper release rate under specified laboratory conditions. This part of ISO 15181 aims to simultaneously determine the possible release of copper ions and other biocides from a given antifouling paint by analysing separate subsamples of artificial seawater extracts generated according to the procedures specified in ISO 15181-1 and analysed in accordance with the procedures given elsewhere in this standard.

When used in combination with ISO 15181-1, the practical limit for the quantitative measurement of release rate is 1.8μg·cm — 2·d — 1 to 500 μg·cm — 2·d — 1. Quantitative measurement of release rates below this range would require the use of an analytical method with limits of quantitation for copper in artificial seawater below the limits specified in 5.1.

2 Normative references
The following references are required for the application of this document. For dated references, only the cited version applies. For undated references, the new version of the reference (including any revisions) applies.

ISO 3696, analytical laboratory water use – specifications and test methods

ISO 15181-1:2007, Paints and varnishes — Determination of fungicide release rates in antifouling coatings — Part 1: General method for extraction of fungicides

ASTM D 6442-06, Standard Test Method for Determining Copper Release Rate from Antifouling Coatings in Alternative Seawater

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